Essay --

Jefferson Finis Davis was born on June 3,1808, in ____ Kentucky. He was the tenth of ten children. Davis was named after the third president of the United States of the States, doubting Thomas Jefferson. During his childhood Davis moved twice he moved at the age of 3 to St.Mary Parish, Louisiana. Less than a family later he moved to Wilkinson County, Mississippi. threesome of his brothers served in the war of 1812. He began his education in 1813 at Wilkinson Academy, near the family cotton plantation. Davis Later attended a catholic school called Saint Thomas. When he was there he was the only protestant student in attendance. Davis went on to attend Jefferson College in Washington, Mississippi, in 1818, and then attended Transylvania University at Lexington, Kentucky, in 1821. His tiro Samuel died on July 4, 1824, when Jefferson was 16 years old. He attended the United States Military Academy starting in 1824. He was placed under house reserve after his involvement in the eggno g riots. In June 1828 he graduated 23rd in a class of 33. Following graduation, Second Lieutenant Davis was assigned to the first Infantry Regiment he was stationed at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin Territory. Zachary Taylor had recently been placed in command of the fort when Davis arrived in early 1829. Davis returned to Mississippi on cease in March 1832 this was his first leave since arriving at the fort. The Black Hawk war broke out while Davis was still in Mississippi. He right away returned to the fort in August 1832. At the end of the war, Colonel Taylor assigned him to the transportation of Black Hawk to prison. Davis soon fell in love with Sarah Knox Taylor, his commanding officers daughter. They pursued Sarahs father for permission to marry but he... ...inted and then elected to the U.S. Senate. He resigned his position to run for Governor of Mississippi. Although he was not successful, he was at last named Secretary of War under President Pierce. He went back to the Senate in the 1840s and remained there until Mississippi seceded January 9, 1861. Davis waited for official notification and addressed the Senate on January 21, 1861 calling it the saddest mean solar day of his life. He returned to Mississippi.Davis was first named as Major General for the Army of Mississippi on January 23, 1861 and then elected as Provisional President of the Confederate States of America and inaugurated in February. He was selected because of his military and political background. When Virginia joined the Confederacy, Davis moved the Capital to Richmond in May 1861. By November he had been elected to a full-six year term as President.

The Ostler by Wilkie Collins and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck :: English Literature

The Ostler by Wilkie Collins and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck.The Ostler was written by Wilkie Collins (1824-89), a Victoriannovelist. Collins work became popular because he wrote plots thatoften included mystery, suspense and crime. His stories al delegacys hadextremely well constructed plots.Collins also reflected the Victorian eras interest in gothic stories.These are stories that confine supernatural or horror themes. Readersat this time enjoyed stories like The Ostler and other work byWilkie Collins like The Moonstone and The Woman in White, althoughsometimes the events were a little far-fetched and improbable.TheOstler supports this, as it is improbable that a hallucination couldin fact come to life.John Steinbeck (1902-68) was born in California and used the state asthe background to his early stories and novels.Steinbeck, like his characters George and Lennie, had worked on aranch like the one in Of Mice and Men. He was shocked by the plightof many rustic workers, wh ose lives were thrown into disorderduring the depression in farming. This occurred in California, duringthe 1930s.Steinbecks novella, Of Mice and Men is effective as he was able todescribe in depth the emotions that those who worked hard on the institutefelt. He was able to empathise with his characters, as he hadexperienced these hardships himself. This means that readers are ableto sympathise with the workers far more.The book, at the time, was an extremely successful way to drawattention to a serious issue. Although the book doesnt dictate therights of workers, nor bombard you with figures, the situation of themen on the ranches is still portrayed effectively. The message stillgets crosswise due to Steinbecks excellent use of the emotions andempathy.Both Of Mice and Men and The Ostler begin with journeys inunpleasant circumstances.In The Ostler, the reader first learns of Isaac Scatchard and hisill luck. In fact, Isaac is famous for this and in the story we aretold of how Isaac had missed out on other job. Isaac had walked to alarge manor house to apply for the job of stable hand. However, Isaacarrived at his destination late at night and thought it best to lodgeat an inn.On presenting himself to the gentleman he found thatOnly a day before, the stable-helpers place had been given toanother man.As Isaac returns to his mother on the long journey home,The rain came on and the wind began to rise.This is an example of pathetic fallacy. In this case the change in the melodic phrase of the text is one towards darkness, of bad and evil.

Senior Sim Essay -- Essays Papers

Senior Sim Before start playing the game and building up my corporation I have developed a strategic syllabus and I have set specific and attainable goals. My target was the maximization of profits in the long run and at the same time the joy of customer needs. My target groups would be the entire market, including all the market customers even of different age, genre, sex, status, income, preferences because I am going to sell harvest-tides which are consumed ein truth day. afterward defining the name, the goals and the mission statement of my corporation, my first move was to find a good location for building up my department stores. Therefore I chose a city with a maximum number of potential customers (large population), with get-go or no competition, as well as with a close path to the ports so as to have minimal transportation costs. Therefore, before I started setting up the buildings I had to make a market research in social club to find the profitabili ty and the competitiveness of the target market and accordingly create a business strategy. Therefore, it was important to find a target market with low or no competition and with many potential customers as I stated before. So, after doing the market research I decided that the best market to enter was that in London, first, because it was large enough, and second because no competition existed there at that time, meaning many potential customers. Then, I had to decide where exactly to find my department store in London. A store in the heart of d take intown malls implied a large number of customers but at the same time, very high land and building up costs. I wanted to be an aggressive businessman so I decided to build my store in the heart of the town despite the high costs. I wanted to be the first corporation who would penetrate the market of London and I wanted to be successful and build a strong base. My next step after building my first department store was to have my port in prescribe to bring the products to my store, and to set up the functional units in order for my store to operate. These included a purchasing unit linked with a sales and an advert unit. The purchasing unit was responsible for buying the products from the suppliers and bringing them to the department store. Linking the purchasing with the sales unit enabled the products to move onward to the sales unit ... ...lace to build a new department store. Once more, I followed the same procedures in selecting the location as well as in setting up the functional units and managing the purchase-sales and ad teams. In Sheffield I sell Chocolate Milk, Peanut Butter, Frozen Beef, and Lettuce. In addition to these strategies, when investing, I was also keeping an eye on the stock market. meshwork could also be gained there, especially when buying another corporations stocks, because buying a large stake in rival was probably a prelude to a takeover. This could benefit me not only from the rising stock price as the takeover would move along, but also when it would complete and the two merge, I would own stock in the parent. My principle always was that a frequent self-performance analysis would be essential for obtaining a profitable corporation. This implied looking upon the profitability, sales, shareholder value, customer satisfaction, product quality, brand associations, relative cost, employee attitude and performance and portfolio analysis. Depending on the results of the analysis I was planning my new strategies and of course expanding my department stores to other cities.

Weapons of the Civil War: Why Did The North Win? Essay -- essays resea

Weapons of the courteous war Why Did The North Win?Battles have been fought since the dawn of time. Weapons have gradually become much technological and sophisticated each and every time. People learn from their mistakes, as did the Indians in the late 1700s, as well as the Confederate troops from the civic War. The Union was victorious in this war for freedom, and to this day, the north is more the heart of the countrys economy. Weapons have been around from the Neanderthals of the post-ice age, to the Taliban in Afghanistan. Rocks became knives, sticks became spears, and bayonets became AK-47s. The technology from the French and Indian War was revolutionized and manufactured by the newly opened weaponry companies. Colt and Winchester had a new end of the market during the times of conflict in the United States. The offshoot Modern War was a battle of brothers vs. brothers, north vs. south. Weapons proved effective throughout this war, with over 620,000 deaths related to artill ery wounds (Bender 24). The north had the advantage. With a plentiful depict of factories and skilled workers, the north was far ahead of the game in the race of manufacturing. New technologies such as submarines, multiple-shot weapons, and exploding bullets aided the northern manufacturing economy.Handguns played a major role in the Civil War as far as weaponry was concerned. For instance, the most popular sidearm in the Union army was the Colt army model 1860, which was a .36 standard of measurement. The Army model 1860 was remodeled after the 1848 Dragoon, which was used in the Mexican War. The Colt model 1860 was a .44 caliber six shot weapon calculation two pounds eleven ounces. During the Civil War, more than 146,800 Colt revolvers were purchased. This made up more than 40 percent of all the handguns bought by the government at that time. In 1851, the .36 caliber revolver was produced by Colt. Colt then sold approximately 215,000 navy models, as they were called. The Star Revolver was a .44 caliber, six shot, double action weapon, which weighed approximately triple pounds. 25,000 revolvers were then sold to the government for twelve dollars each. The Figure Eight Revolver was built especially for Civil War use. More than 12,000 of these revolvers were sold to the United States regimen in the early war from Great Britain. The most popular pistol was the Le Mat Revo... ...dified form (the mini-gun) (Stewart 67).Throughout the American Civil War, the north proved victorious and superior to the south. The Union had the power and wealth, and, he who has the money has the power proved so as the north defeated the south and embraced the trophy of power. in that location were many key factors in this accomplishment, the factories, the money, the resources, the commanders, the manpower, the skill and determination, but most importantly, the weapons.Works CitedBender, David L. The Civil War The North.California Gayle Books, 2001Davis, William D. The Blue and the Grey.Illinois Publishers International LTD, 1996.Olmstead, Edwin. The Big Guns Civil War Siege.Connecticut Seacoast and Naval Cannon, 1997.Pikes, Joe Brown. The Civil War Societys Civil War Dictionary.Seattle Civil War Society, 1999Ripley, Warren. Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War.New York McCormick Press Inc, 1984.Stewart, Gail B. Weapons of War.New York Lucent Books, 2000.Weapons of the Civil War December 7, 2001,. Online. Internet. February 14, 2002.http//www.instaweb.com/p/pmoade/weapons.htm

Properties Of HighÂlime Fly Ash Concrete :: Concrete

PROPERTIES OF HIGHLIME FLY ASH CONCRETEABSTRACTFly modify is a waste product from burn based thermal power stations. About seven million tons of fly ash is being produced annually from these thermal power stations in Turkey. Concerted efforts are needed to make the material used to a great extent.These paper give the results of an investigation on the performance of fly ash concrete made with ASTM C class fly ashes from two sources. PC42,5 cement used in the experiments conforms to TS19 (Turkish Standards).A comparison between concretes with and without fly ash was provided for heterogeneous aspects. All the concrete mixtures contained polyhydroxy carbon salt plasticizer which complies with ASTM C 494-81 Type D. Their workabilities were kept constant.As freshly-mixed concrete properties slump, unit weight, air content, setting time and release values were determined.As mechanical properties compressive strength and were measured after 24 hours, 7, 28 and 90 days.Durability in te rms of freezing and thawing apology (ASTM C 666 Procedure A), and permeability were also investigated.Keywords Fly ash, concrete properties, binder material, micro-structureSenel Artirma, Geophysics Engineer, Quality Assurance Manager of Nuh Beton Ready-Mixed Concrete Company, Turkey.Erdem Tandirli, Civil Engineer, Quality authorization Chief of Nuh Beton Ready-Mixed Concrete Company, Turkey.11. INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental hazards and over-comsumption of energy resources has been and still are the most concerning issues for the modern world. In this respect the usage of fly ash which is a waste product of the thermal power stations by ready-mixed concrete industry as a binder material can be an effective way both of decreasing the ash discharge out to the environment and of cement consumption thus of saving the resources on a guinea pig scale.From the concrete technologys point of view, the usage of fly ash causes qualitative changes in concrete properties. The answer to whether th ese changes were improvement or not can be given(p) only by knowing the intentions of usage.For this purpose fly ashes were added both in addition to and as a substitute for some part of the cement, and fresh and treated concrete properties were investigated.2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES2.1 Materials2.1.1 CementThe cement used is Turkish, portland cement (PC 42.5) and comforms to Turkish standart TS19 while approximately corresponds to ASTM C 150-89 Type I. Its chemical composition, and principal compounds are summarized in Table 1.a, physical and mechanical properties in Table 1.b along with standart limits.Table 1.a Chemical properties of cementChemical CompositionComponents, %PC 42.5TS 19ASTM Type ISiO221.16--Al2O33.60--Fe2O34.50--CaO64.90--MgO1.205 max.

A Looking Glass Fogged :: Journalism Journalist Essays

A Looking Glass FoggedIn reporting, it is sometimes the case that a story is told from a certain shoot of view due to political pressures, especially when dispute surrounds the subject matter. One such case is the reporting on the Chinese-Tibetan conflict, in which Chinas overwhelming political and fiscal power has the potential to seep into the affairs of newspaper owners. In my paper, I will examine a certain event as it was published in a variety of newspapers, and how their coverage differs from the AP Worldstream report. Additionally, I will analyze what appears to be an extremely one- lieud report and how it is of benefit to its publisher.China has always sought to culturally integrate Tibet with the Chinese main set ashore, for reasons as diverse as the parties involved. Recently this has expressed itself in the form of a planned railway reaching from Beijing to Lhasa, the Tibetan Capital. China has justified this action with its usual stance on Tibetan integration, as an eff ort to modernize Tibet for its own good and provide it with an influx of labor and industry. Groups argue to the project devotion that the railway will cause a new wave of Chinese settlers who will dilute the regions unique culture and exploit the land for its resources. (AP-Worldstream)The Associated Press is a news source for news sources. Their business consists of covering events and reselling the reports to a variety of papers, so it is in their interest to stay as deaf(p) as possible. In their coverage of the Railway project they cover both sides equally, starting with Chinas moral obligation to enrich the Tibetan culture with an inflow of Chinese culture and labor. To quote Shi, an overseer Tibet has been without the railway, but now they will have the same great things and great life as us.(2) While the Chinese side makes no mention of this, the AP report covers political motives for this $3.3 billion investment. With the railroad in place, China would be able to immediat ely deploy troops to stomp all sort of Tibetan uprising as well as saturate the area and culture with Chinese immigrants, furthering Chinas grip on the Tibetan region. The article does a thorough job of showing both unrelenting sides of the issue - the Chinese developers zeal for getting the railroad underway and wants for further development, employment and opportunities, and the Tibetan fear of exploitation and cultural dilution.

Reliability and Validity Matrix

TEST of Reliability Application and APPROPRIATENESS Strengths Weaknesses Internal Consistency This dance step of dependableness is appropriate when trying to determine the difference in dependableness from shortening or leng thuslying a hear (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010). Here I am specifically referring to the Spearman-Brown formula creation used to determine interior(a) physical structure. A researcher could also use other visors of internal consistency meant for heterogeneous examine items, such(prenominal) as Inter-item consistency. The reliability of a running increases with an increase in the number of campaign items. One of the strengths of the Spearman-Brown Formula is that is can determine how much more or less reliable a examination is as a researcher lengthens or shortens the test. This verse can also work in reverse and certify a researcher how many items they need to add to reach a certain reliability coefficient. The problem with the use of the Spearman-Brown formula to determine internal consistency is that it is only affective with homogenous test items, that is items that argon the equivalent difficulty and length.Also, tests of reliability argon higher for whole-test vs. half-test applications of the formula, which means that lengthier tests work better with this instrument. Split-half The split-half form of metre reliability entails creating two halves in the same test that can be comp bed in the same manner as the parallel form of reliability scrutiny uses. This type of measurement is appropriate when using odd-even reliability or random assignment splits, exclusively is most applicable when designing mini-parallel forms of the same test.In this instance, each half is, as nearly equal as humanly possiblein format, stylistic, statistical, and related aspects (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010, p. 145). The strength of this kind of measure is that it is less while-consuming and less unenviable for test-takers than the parallel form, b ut is also a good measure of internal consistency. This type of measurement also help keep in check mediator variables that might introduce error variance into the analysis, since the twain parallel portions of the test are taken at once. However, there are several intermediary variables that are enhanced by this form of measuring reliability fatigue that is felt during the second part of the test but non the first and variance in the difficulty or content of the items in the first half vs. the second half. It is also not advised to simply split a test crush the middle. The different halves should have the same content and difficulty of question for the measure of reliability to be accurate. Test/retest This type of test is applicable when the frame being measured is relatively stable over time, but is inappropriate for constructs that are not stable over time (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010). This is because test/retest reliability is based on taking the same test, with the same peopl e, at two different times. If the construct being measured is purported to change over time, then the scores of the test would deviate because of true variance, rather than error variancewhich is the basis of reliability, the latter that is. An example of this principle might be an achievement test measuring grammatical skills.If the test-taker undergoes a series of lessons on grammar between the first test and the second test, then the test will show variance, but not due to error but due to the intermediary variable of education. Test/retest reliability would be inappropriate in this situation. The strength of this measurement of reliability are in tests that, employ progeny measures such as reaction time or perceptual judgment (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010, p. 143). This is because these types of psychometric traits do not vary greatly over time and are not sensitive to many types of intervening variable. The weakness of test/retest reliability is, of course, that the underlying con structs being tested can change over time, and therefore set out the test/retest reliability due to true variance rather than error variance. In this case, the overall reliability of a test might be seen as lower even though the actual measurement of the construct is stable (it is just that the construct itself varies). Parallel and alternate forms Both parallel and alternative forms of test reliability utilize multiple instances of the same test items at two different times with the same participants (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010).These types of measures of reliability would be most appropriate with tests that measure traits that are stable over a long period of time and inappropriate when measuring finite emotional states or anxiety levels. The strength of this measure of reliability is that it measures the core construct through several variances of the same test item. If equivalent scores are found on multiple forms of the same test item, then the reliability of the test will go up . Moreover, there are ways to perform this type of reliability analysis without having the test-taker undergo multiple examinations internal onsistency estimate of reliability. This type of analysis would save time and money. Designing these types of measures are time-consuming, expensive, and tiresome for the test-taker who has to take variations of the same test items over and over again. Also, these forms of testing reliability are not dependable for measuring constructs that change over time, such as anxiety levels. Another weakness is that if the tests are taken some time apart, then intervening variables might have an effect on the scores, thereby increasing error variance. Test of Validity Application and APPROPRIATENESS Strengths Weaknesses Face hardiness Face robustness is a description of the caseive perception of the test-taker of the tests rigour (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010). This measure is not so much a quantification of the tests actual validity, but a measure of the test-takers perception of the tests validity. Face validity is most appropriate when measuring the test-takers confidence that a test measures what it purports to measure. The strength of face validity is that if the test-taker has confidence in the validity of test, then they are more likely to take the test, and further the test exploiter is more likely to administer the test. Without face validity, the test might be perfectly valid, but it is not administered or taken properly because the user/taker does not have confidence in the test. The weakness of face validity is that it might not measure actual validity. A test can come out to be valid to the user/taker while also being completely invalid for the construct/time/place of the test.A good example might be the inkblot test. Psychologists that adhere to the psychodynamic perspective of psychopathology would say that the test is perfectly valid for determining personality characteristics, but the test taker might not unders tanding how the test applies to personality development, thereby undermining the face validity of the test. Content validity Measures of content validity are most useful in situations a test fashion designer is trying to create test items that match the content of the material being tested (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010).For instance, a final course exam should test the content knowledge domain that the course cover. Further, this measure might not be applicable in situations where the skills that the test designer are looking for in the applicant are not currently part of the skill-set of the already employed, such as in cases of new positions. One of the strengths of content validity is that it can used to work backwards from telephone circuit responsibilities to job applicant requirements.First, the test designer would examine veteran workers perform their job, and then design an application process that looks for these qualities in a potential employee. The items that are judge es sential for the job are the ones that are most advantageous for the applicant to possess. The downfall of content validity is that the perspective of the material being covered is culturally and chronologically subjective, meaning that the questions can have different answers in different areas of the world or at different times.Therefore, the test items must be culturally and chronologically accurate for the test-takers for content validity to be used. Criterion related I know this is personal opinion, but I think that criterion-related validity is the most powerful of all of the methods of verifying validityespecially concurrent validity. This type of validity is used to verify that the criterion that the test score purports to stage is actually in the sample of individuals being tested (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010).For instance, a group of people who have already been diagnosed with schizophrenia could be tested using a new instruments and if they all score high on the test for sch izophrenia, then the test can be said to have acceptable validity. One of the strengths of criterion-related validity is that it is a very powerful measure of the actual validity of a test score. This type of validity uses methods external to the test itself to verify that the test covers the subject matter and criterion that it purports to cover. This fact alone makes this measure the most objective and verifiable of the measures of validity. A weakness of content validity is that criterion contaminations can occur, which is when the same predictor measure and criterion measure are used. As an example, if the diagnosis of a mental disorder by a panel of diagnosticians is used both as the test criterion and the measure of test validity. hold Construct validity is the umbrella under which all of the other sub-types of validity fall (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010). Construct validity is appropriate to use in cases where a test is trying to measure some underlying construct, such as intell igence or anxiety.I see this measure of validity might not be appropriate in situations where there is not one clear construct that is being measured, such as generalized achievement tests. One of the main strengths of construct validity is that the procedures used to verify underlying constructs follow the edicts of the scientific method. A hypothesis is formulated, predicting that if someone possesses in great quantity the construct of intelligencesas verified through other measuresthen they will score high on a test purporting to measure intelligence.In this way, a predictions is made based on scientific facts and then the test is used to determine if the prediction holds true. If it does not, then the test items, predictions, or underlying construct might need to be revised. The downfall of this measure of validity is that if there is not one clear construct or if the construct is vaguely defined, then the validity of the test score is not measurable. So, the validity of the test rests on the underlying construct definition and specificity.

He Who Laughs Last Laughs Best

Freislyn Santana Revision English 106-112 (College English II) Professor Jaime Gallagher Essay 1- Short Story 11/12/2012 He Who Laughs Last Laughs best(p) Edgar Allan Poe is an extraordinary writer with many powerful pieces of work, such as The Raven, The fall of the House, and The Tell-Tale Heart. The authors theme in the bilgewater The Black Cat is overconfidence can betray. In his short theme The Black Cat Poe explores the perils of overconfidence. Poes use of character, tone, and irony develop this dark tale of arrogance with adventure.To portray his theme, Poe uses the story element character towards the leftovering of the story, illustrating how the narrator believes there is no focus he can be caught. IN the flowing days after the murder, he begins to feel free, happy, and secure. His overconfidence becomes evident when the police unintentionally come to search his home. He felt no embarrassment nor regret in allowing them inside. He tended to(p) them in the search in a calm and collected manner. As the police prepare to leave, the narrator describes himself as too happy to contain himself and disadvantageously wanted to mention a single word of his triumph.He believes theres no way hes going to be caught, and becomes too overconfident and cocky. His overconfidence leads to his demise. His final act of overconfidence is evident as the police leave, he shows off by brazenly tapping the skirt with his cane. The cat cries out from the wall which leads the police to plunk down the wall. They find the cat atop the corpse, the same cat the narrator so loathed and believed had ran away. Furthermore, Poe also uses tone as a meaning to portray his theme. Poe establishes calmness when the police arrive to search the home.The narrator is not in any way nervous or afraid that he efficacy get caught in fact, he feels secure of his concealment of his wifes remains. Faced with a police search, the narrator quivered not a muscle. He says His affectionatene ss beats calmly as that of one who slumbers in innocence. He invites the police in assists them in their search. The speaker is obviously calm, and Poe illustrates the tone calm here perfectly while also using a simile, comparing the narrators calm heart to that of one whom innocently sleeps.Lastly, Poe uses irony as a way to demonstrate his theme. The speakers thought triumphing over the cat is a good example of irony. The day after he hanged Pluto, his first cat, his star sign unexpectedly burned down. He imagines seeing in the ruins the shape of a cat imprinted on a wall, a cat with a noose around its neck. Its clearly ironic that even though he killed the cat, his overconfidence of accept he defeated it leads to the Pluto having the last laugh when the narrators house and all his riches burn with it.Poe illustrates another example of irony when the narrator kills his wife and believes the cat has run away in fear. When the narrator hides his wifes corpse in the wall and duri ng the search of his home out of overconfidence taps on the wall repeatedly, a cry responds leading the police to tear down the wall and discover the corpse and also the cat. Its ironic that in the end it was the cat that leads to the narrators demise after believing the cat had ran away.In conclusion, Poe portrays his theme Overconfidence can betray by using story elements such as tone, character, and irony. There are several examples throughout the story and Poe uses them effectively. Imagine the joy and overconfidence combines with the adrenaline that one must have while knowing theyre about to get away with murder. In the end the narrator just couldnt contain all that emotion. Put yourself in that situation, do you think you couldve maintained composure and got away with it?

Dressen Case Study Essay

1)I believe one major factor was how appealing Dressen had become during 1995, as opposed to previous years. It appe atomic number 18d that new management had turned the comp either around. Management stated Dressen was looking good for future growth during the end of 1995. I deem management felt it was the opportune time to sell. They wanted to sell Dressen magic spell they were making money and being successful, as opposed to hemorrhaging money from Westinghouse.Dressen was Westinghouses brain performer in the Q3 of 1995. Sales increased 10% everyplace the year-prior quarter. EBIT reached 12% of sales as well. Their growth strategy as well as engine room and work processes lead management to believe that there was even greater growth potential. Dressen was now headed in the right direction. Management was trying to strike while the iron was hot.Another factor was the capital acquisition of CBS in August 1995 for $5.4 billion. The large purchase price had strained an already w eakened balance sheet. in that respect was alike a $2 billion bridge loan that was due in February 1996.Businesses are meant to earn economic profit and mitigate the cost associated with them. Without strong and timely cost strategy, a business dischargenot climb the stairs of economic prosperity. Organizations have to be aware of how overmuch cost they are incurring over a certain period of time, as most of the time, high ope symmetrynal costs can devastate the entire pecuniary structure of an entity.Apart from the cost, it is as well as important for a ships company to be consistent in their earnings momentum because it is something that shareholders, as well as analysts, are looking for in a company. There are certain ratios that can be taken into account to give way why Westinghouse would want to sell Dressen. Mentioned below are some calculations that shrive why Westinghouse was intending to sell Dressen at the end of the fiscal year 199519911992199319941995Net Sales6 71577508563621% Change-14.01-11.9610.8310.30Gross Profit200151122153203Gross profit allowance29.8126.1724.0227.1832.69Net Income-40-6029Net Profit Margin-7.87-10.664.67Dressen recorded a clear up profit of $29 in 1995, as compared to the net loss of $60 a year before, but the net profit margin of the company in 1995 was only 4.67%, which is still very low. The Gross Profit Margin in the same year was 10.30%, which shows that around 90% of the sales come under the net Cost of Goods Sold. This is a very high figure that businesses cannot sustain for a long period of time. Total assets of Dressen also showed a net devolve from fiscal year 1994 to 1995Year19941995Assets $ in Million705657Proportion-6.809A decrease in the operational assets would not be acceptable for the company as a whole. Therefore, Westinghouse was willing to sell Dressen because the company was not doing well in its jurisdiction.2)There are a number of valuation likewisels which could be used for the purpose of analyzing the effectiveness of a company as a whole. Warburg is considering paying $585 one million million for Dressen and we must analyze if this is a fair price for Warburg to pay.Price to Earnings is a ratio that is usually applied by investors on the entire investment in hallow to anticipate the expected dividend.Specifically, it refers to the ratio evaluation of an entitys price of shares in relation to earnings for each share.Price to Earnings ratio is generally symbolized as an earning multiplier or investment multiplier. However, there are some probability flaws in the P/E ratio, but it is still the most widely accredited technique to measure potential speculations. Market price to earnings is one of the most vital tools used to analyze the stance of investors while investing in the company. Five-year period analysis has been taken into consideration for Dressen Question-219911992199319941995Share Price Average3232151515Earnings Per Share00.00-0.87-1.310.60Market Value t o Earnings00-17.175-11.4524.88The computation of Dressens Market Price to Earnings is showing that thecompany did a good reflect in the fiscal year 1995, as its Price to Earning (P/E) or Market Value to Earning (MV/E) ratio had increased tremendously to a level of $24.88. The higher the P/E, then the higher the net worth of the company. Enterprise Value to Sales is a valuation method that is applied to assess the ratio of enterprise esteem to its market share price.The Enterprise Value to Price ratio allows investors to make a decision on whether the market share of the company is expensive or cheap. The ratio has also considerable influence on the companys sales as it is utilized by many market analysts to avoid any manipulation over the turnover of an entity. The Enterprise Value to Sales analysis is mentioned below19941995Market crownworkization $ in Million458481Total Debt in $ million247176Total Worth in $ Million705657Less change in $ Million52Net Worth in $ Million700655 annual Sales in $ Million563621EV/Sales124.33105.48The Enterprise Value to Sales is high in both years 1994 and 1995. This shows me that the net worth of the company is high. EBIAT is a financial appraisal technique which is used to figure out the direct performance of a company. It refers to how much resources have been utilized to generate revenue enhancement within a given span of time. The financial evaluators are most likely to consider this ratio as an indicator of a companys performance within a defined accounting cycle. This will allow them to set a point of time within the operating cycle that they can focus on.EV/EBIAT19941995Market Capitalization $ in Million458481Total Debt in $ million247176Total Worth in $ Million705657Less Cash in $ Million52Net Worth in $ Million700655EBIAT in $ Million-2.510.4EV/EBIAT(28,000)6,298The company recorded a net loss in the year 1994 of $-28,000, but it is a positive figure of $6,298 in the year 1995.My calculation for the Dividend Disc ount Model is as follows P = Dividend / WACC gWACC = 12%G = Growth rate = 4%= 1.2 / 12 81.2/ 0.08P = $15The average Share Price in the year 1995 was also $15.Taking all of this analysis into consideration, I believe that $585 million is a fair price to pay for Dessen. The net worth of Dressen in terms of financial value and share valuation are strong. I believe that Warburg is underpaying for Dressen. I believe Warburg got Dressen for a good price. I feel that Warburg should have paid more than for Dressen, so with a purchase price of $585 million I believe Warburg got a great value.3)Financial Forecasting is an important metric to use because it can idea the future financial outcomes of a company. Analysts have to forecast the cash flows and debt obligations to analyze the financial competitiveness of a company as a whole. Two divergent ratios could be used to analyze Dressens ability to generate sufficient cash flows to service its debt. The two ratios I used for Dressen are the Cash commingle to Sales Ratio and Debt to truth.The Cash flow to Sales ratio is an important ratio which analyzes whatpercentage of the companys sales are on credit, and how much of the sales are on cash. The computed ratio for the next five years is belowOperating Cash Flow to Sales19961997199819992000Forecasted Operational Cash Flow77839910195Forecasted Sales in Million $658698740784804Operating Cash Flow to Sales11.7011.8913.3812.8811.82Average12.33The forecasted figure of the cash flow to sales is showing that the company is not efficient in getting their cash sooner as related to sales. The amount of operating cash flow to sales ranges from 11.70% to 13.38%, with an average of 12.33%. This shows that over 80% of Dressens sales are oncredit, which is not a good sign from the viewpoint of the company. The fortune in generating sufficient cash flow will remain with the company for the next five years (1996-2000) as well, because the cash generating cycle of the company is too low and it has to be increased accordingly.The Debt to fair play ratio of Dressen for the next five years is below Debt to Equity19961997199819992000Total Debt in $ Million530501455409357Equity in $ Million178208247294345Debt to Equity2.982.411.841.391.03Average1.93The Debt to Equity ratio for Dressen (Forecasted) is showing that the levelof debt is twice that of the equity. This is against the restrictive covenants. A high debt/equity ratio generally style that a company has been aggressive in financing its growth with debt. This can result in volatile earnings because of the additional interest expense. Average Debt to Equity of the company is showing that the proportion of debt is nearly 68%, while the proportion of equity is 32%.This is very near to the restrictive covenants, in which debt should not be higher than 70%. There is a risk that this ratio will increase in the upcoming years. 4)For the Debt Rating analysis I decided to turn up the Debt to total Capital and the liabilities to total assets. I wanted to figure out these ratings for 1994 and 1995, before the buyout. Question-4 Debt Rating19941995AverageSubordinate Debt in $ Million165Capital458481Percentage of Debt/Capital36.0334.3035.16Total Liabilities in $ Million247176Total Assets in $ Million705657Proportion35.0426.7930.91The Total Debt to Capital of Dressen on average is 35.16%. This would represent a rating category of A. Along the same lines, liabilities to assets have a figure of 30.91%. The bond rating in this particular scenario is also A.The insurance coverage ratio is a measure of a companys ability to meet its financial obligations. The higher the coverage ratio, the better the ability of the company to fulfill its obligations to its lenders. Analysts and investors perform coverage ratios to determine the change in a companys financial position. The findings of the coverage ratio I performed on Dressen are below19941995EBIT-2.510.4Interest spending31Coverage Ratio-0.8310.40Th is analysis shows that Dressen generates enough cash flow to pay its interest, specifically in the year 1995. Taking all of this nurture into account, I would assign an A rating to Dressen.5)In order to analyze the level of business risk for the buyout, I decided to use the current ratio and the accommodate ratio. The current ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures a companys ability to pay short-term obligations. The higher the current ratio, the more fit the company is of paying its obligations. A ratio under 1 suggests that the company would be unable to pay off its obligations if they came due at that point. This is an important ratio for Warburg because they need to make sure they can meet their short-term obligations after the buyout. certain Assets in Million $183Current Liabilities in Million $95Current Ratio1.926Dressen has a current ratio of 1.926. The current ratio can give a sense of the efficiency of a companys operating cycle and its ability to turn its product int o cash. This ratio shows that Dressen is doing a good job as far as meeting its short-term financial obligations and promises. The gear mechanism ratio is a financial ratio that compares some form of owners equity to borrowed funds.It is a measure of financial leverage that demonstrates the degree to which a firms activities are funded by owners funds versus creditors funds. A company with high gearing (high leverage) is more vulnerable to downturns in the business cycle because the company must continue to service its debt regardless of how bad sales are. If a company has more equity, then there would be more of a cushion, which would show financial strength. Debt420Equity160Assets705EBIT10.4Interest1Debt to Equity2.625EBIT/Interest10.4Equity/Assets22.70From this analysis, it can be determined that the Debt to Equity of the company is still high at 2.62%. Total Equity to Assets is relatively small at only 22.70%. This shows that most of the assets in Dressen have been bought using debt. From this analysis, it is pitch that the company is not risky when it comes to short-term financial obligations, but it will be in a dangerous situation in the long-term.

Britain And Australia, The Fall Of Singapore And The Great Betrayal In 1942 And Onwards

single of the important characteristics of international relationship is the ability of ane country to avow the word of their partners that their partners would look after the best interest of their partners, especially after mutual action plan is being executed and undertaken. There is the proverbial paper about how political bed partners involved in global country alliances atomic number 18 expected scratch each others backs.The failure of a partner to look after and protect the interests of the other partner is a very strong incident that easily breaks the trust that binds countries together in friendship, cooperation and alliance. One of the signifi piece of asst setbacks of Australia during the Second World War was the fall of Singapore after the British forces, which Australia trusted to protect this Asian country from being overrun by the enemy. The prevailing feeling that surfaced after the incident was made public was the feeling of treachery among Australians towards Britain and the British army.Even disregarding the particular that Singapore is an important foothold in the Australian dominion, Australia felt betrayed be suffice they were sent to fight in another location under Britains bidding to salvage an important British interest with the justify that British forces pull up stakes look after Australian interests in the Asia-Pacific Region. It was slightlything which they failed to do in a manner that did not succeed the British with even a semblance of consolation, just mere indignation over what happened.Britains surrender at Singapore in February 1942 stinker be considered as tantamount to the broad Betrayal of Australias Empire because many critics and historians believe that Britain simply betrayed Australia when the British forces surrendered at Singapore at during the Second World War, considering that the same level of defense of the idea of betrayal was attributed to the concept of the Great Betrayal of Australias Empire.Ka rl Hack provided a scathing verdict on the Singapore 1942 issue surrounded by Australia and Britain, supporting the belief of political analysts and historians who believe that Britains action in Singapore in 1942 was indeed an act of betrayal towards its ally Australia. In one sense the fall of Singapore had represented a betrayal of Australia, and so catapulted Australia into an American embrace . Hacks position in this issue was that the British act of betrayal towards Australias dominion in 1942 is the contribution towards the loss of one of Australias important foothold in the Asian region. This is because the British badly and inadequately attended to the military concerns involving the defense of Singapore, explaining that Britain had encouraged Australia to commit forces to the Mediterranean, and then provided inadequate defences for Singapore . Gerhard Weinberg made the same observation about the question of British betrayal of Australia, explaining that the betrayal is f ound in the inability of the British to come to the aid of the country which is its ally in its time of need, especially with the fact that thither was an understanding(a) between the two nations about the providing of support and assistance Australia can help the British military strategy and at the same time provide ample and sufficient forces that can protect Australia as well as Australias other footholds and territories in the Asia-Pacific region. In both Australia and New Zealand, the war had about similar repercussions.Both felt deserted by the home country in their hour of greatest danger it may be an exaggeration, but not a completely unjustified one . Singapore fell on February 1942, but as early as January, the Australian government has already impressed upon its British allies that they would consider the fall of Singapore, which was under their watch, as an inexcusable betrayal. The telegram that travelled from Australia to London indicated how Australia was hoping th at Britain would indeed hold true to its promises and all the assurance we demand been apt(p) , including an solid fortress that will wait for the arrival of the British fleet that will support land efforts to defend Singapore . This telegram was veritable by Winston Churchill, the contents of which something that Churchill was not very happy or appreciative to read or be the recipient of much(prenominal) note.The reported efforts of the British to give up Singapore from falling (including the sending in of the 18th Division) was later regarded as a wrong move for the British, definitely unmindful and not caring any longer about the idea of betrayal that Australia might feel. The phrase inexcusable betrayal greatly annoyed Churchill, and he could not easily forget it.The minutes of the British War Cabinets meeting, which reviewed events the day after Singapores surrender recorded that it now seemed a pity that Britain had sent the 18th Division to Singapore . With this informa tion, can it be now assumed that the British leaders during the war indeed betrayed Australia by showing very little rumination or little cause of concern for the interest of Australia and were just focused on winning their own goal?If this was true, then the Singapore debacle was similar to the Great Betrayal of Australias empire, since in both occasions, the similar idea was that Australia was abandoned by its ally Britain and left close to being helpless, defenseless and alone. This is because it trusted an ally that was not truly looking and protecting the interests of its allies which it relied for help during the height of the battles in the Asia Pacific Theater of Operation during the Second World War.Churchills oversight in what was hapless defences set up in Singapore one month prior to the fall of Singapore and the planning to evacuate and not fortify the defences were too checking to the fact that the British was not planning on holding on to Singapore, not even for the sake of the countrys alliance with Australia, to which Singapore and its defense is important. At this late stage, Churchill now gave urgent servant to the evacuation of all the Allied troops at Singapore to prevent what could now be foreseen as far-flung disasterAny evacuation of Singapore would have appalled Australians indeed it would be difficult to exaggerate the nitty-gritty to national morale of such an presumable betrayal . The idea of selfishness and being self centered by the British military operation in the Asia Pacific during World War II that resulted to the idea of Britains betrayal of Australia in Singapore and in the whole of the Asian WWII conflict was also supported by other lessons that saw Britain manipulating Australia and its resources without any consideration to the Australian government, the Australian sovereignty and the Australian interests.Hamill talked about the incident wherein the returning Australian divisions from the Middle East was redire cted, without approval from Australia, to Rangoon where Britain was hoping to save its interests in Burma, which was foiled since Australian Prime Minister Curtin directed the troopship to head straight for Australia instead . The presence of the sense of betrayal by Britain of Australia as a consequence of the 1942 Singapore debacleThe plea of the feeling of betrayal of Australia by Britain can be found in how analysts try to put together actions of both countries in international organizations involving the two. Most of the time, analysts point to the reason that Australia cannot again fully trust Britain especially when concerns involve security and military owing to the presumed betrayal by the British of its Australian allies in Singapore in 1942. For Australias resort to the 1951 ANZUS Pact has sometimes been seen as a decisive turning away from Britain, the result of British betrayal at Singapore . Critics believe that actions particularly that of Australia was always towar ds the minimalization of dependency on other countries, or forging alliances with countries except Britain. ANZUS symbolised Australias new-found willingness to enter agreements which excluded Britain . The feeling of betrayal by Britain of Australia has an effect that rippled all the way across towards the more contemporary times. While some believed that the memory of the betrayal of Britain of Australia and its territorial interests in the global stage, there are also those who used the idea and feeling of betrayal of Britain of Australia as a rallying point for Australia to justify the movements that it is making today, pointing to a decision making range of a function that highlights important historical notes as a guide towards future political actions.One of which is the lesson of the betrayal and what Australia seeks to gain, and lose, when it trusts Britain again. The betrayal somewhat became an important cornerstone towards the growth of Australian patriotism in the coun try, among its people and its political leaders. Keatings parliamentary speech accusing Britain of betraying Australia at Singapore in 1942 displayed with dramatic clarity the influence of Jack Langs assertive Australianism . Oddly, when the news of how the Australian prime minister poked at the British government fifty years later about the betrayal in 1942 during the visit of the top executive of Britain, the focus of the news content was about how the Queen was treated disrespectfully, the news hardly making effort to defend the country from the accusations and was merely outraged by the scandalous treatment of their Queen. The London tabloids are in a frenzy over Mr.Keatings charge that Britain abandoned Australia during World War II , while others took the instance to make political appraisal of Paul Keating, saying that In his seemingly off-hand remarks about the monarchy and his tilt at Britains alleged betrayal of Australia in 1942, Paul Keating is moving to place himself firmly in the tradition of the great Labor Party nationalists nor has he forgotten Britains alleged sins of 1942 . While some historians do not actually support Britain when it comes to the issue of the Singapore debacle in 1942, these writers also try to put into consideration the contribution of Australian forces reason Singapore, particularly the aspect of Australian desertions at the height of the efforts to save Singapore from Nipponese forces and the number of surrendering Australian soldiers who easily surrendered and gave up the defense of Singapore.Some British historians questioned the performance of Australian troops in Singapore hether Singapore could have been saved as late as 15 February, and whether Australian desertions accelerated the last-place surrender . But some historians believed that the emotional repercussion resulting from the collapse of Singapore, particularly the feeling of betrayal, was not a very important issue at all, since the roughly important concern of Australia was not really the fall of Singapore but the fact that the Japanese forces are inching closer and closer to Australia. Though these incidents created great ill-feeling at the time, the lasting damage done to Anglo-Australian relations was small.The differing reactions of Australia and New Zealand to the collapse of the Singapore strategy stemmed in part from the more immediate danger which the Japanese line of advance appeared to present to the Australians . CONCLUSION Was Britains action in Singapore an act of betrayal tantamount to the concept of Great Betrayal of Australias Empire? It looks like this is just the one and only time that the Australian government felt they were betrayed by Britain that resulted to the loss of their former empire.If such was the case, then it can be argued that the Singapore collapse by Britain was indeed tantamount to the Great Betrayal of Australias Empire. But as what information from related literary sources reveal, histori ans and politicians chose to flack catcher Britain solely for the Singapore oversight and misdeed. It was rarely pointed as the turning point for the crumbling of the empire, or was the action synonymous to such similar vein of thought or idea.But at some degree, the proposition of similarity in the aspect of betrayal can be accepted, and can also be argued against as well. The act of betrayal by one country towards another country especially in time of dire need, like in times of war, is something which maybe heavily discussed and analysed in many different history books. But this does not mean that it makes it easy to identify if there was indeed an act of betrayal and which country was guilty of such act of betrayal.For one, the concept of betrayal is very subjective and is very difficult to objectify since it is difficult to define a socially accepted concept of betrayal, given the existing situation. The resources and options available and the considerations that decision make rs have to make upon reaching the decision which was to be the root of the controversy on the act betrayal. Secondly, the aspect of ethnocentricity will oft eclipse or seriously affect the objectivity of historians and book authors tackling about this particular World War II issue.There will be Australian writers and historians who will insist that their country was indeed betrayed at Singapore in 1942 and that the action was tantamount to the Great Betrayal of Australias Empire. While on the other hand, there will be British historians and writers who will say otherwise, that the British military action in Singapore in 1942 happened as it is after careful consideration of important priorities that somehow superceded whatever it is that other people felt was left high and dry during this particular episode in the relationship of Australia and Britain.There will also be comments, analysis, comments and discussions about Britains actions in Singapore in 1942 and the possible interpre tation of such action and how it is similar and leading to the Great Betrayal of Australias Empire coming from historians and writers who are neither British nor Australian, attacking the issue from a neutral standpoint sans the impact and effect of the sense of national soak or indignity and social justification.These were reflected earlier in the paper, as the paper, in the effort to discuss the different important sides of this issue, provided several different ideas about the issue get up from related and credible literature. In hindsight, what can be deduced is that there was no shared opinion about how this particular event would be assessed and remembered.The split in the opinion about the presence of the act of betrayal hinged largely on the fact that neither the British nor the Australians would yield with regards to this particular issue, each country standing firm about its position that it did everything that was necessary to preserve a much greater goal and to achieve a more important objective.

Literature Review – Work Choices of Married Women

Literature review The lug supply of women has been the subject of extensive study both in Australia and internationally. 1 Despite this, only a fewer international and Australian studies have examined the inter-temporal craunch supply behaviour of women, and it remains a less understood area of agitate supply research (Hyslop 1999). 2 However, study in this area is growing rapidly collectable to the increasing availability of panel information and improved computational power and techniques. This chapter reviews a excerption of studies of inter-temporal tug supply of women in Australian and overseas.Past research Several international studies have examined inter-temporal persistence in labour supply. Shaw (1994) used the Panel determine of Income energisings (PSID) over the period 1967-1987 to measure persistence in (annual) functional hours of white women in the United States. She fix evidence of (statistically) significant persistence in an sepa dictates labour supply even after controlling for other influencing factors such as wages, the age and number of children and individual health consideration.Further, the expiration of persistence was found to have changed little over the 20 year period studied. Shaw likewise found that unobserved (time invariant) individual heterogeneousness played an all-important(a) role in the persistence. However, the study did not examine whether the persistence also resulted from unobserved transitory shocks (or errors) that might be serially correlated. Hyslop (1999), also using the PSID data (for the period 1979-1985), examined the dynamics of labour force participation of get hitched with women in the United States and found evidence of state dependence.While unobserved individual heterogeneousness was found to contribute to the persistence of labour force participation, transitory 1 For a detailed survey of the international literature on womens labour supply, see Killingsworth (1983), Killingsworth and Heckman (1986) and Heckman (1993). 2 A few studies also examine inter-temporal labour supply behaviour of men, such as Muhleisen and Zimmermann (1994) for Germany and Arulampalam, Booth and Taylor (2000) for the United Kingdom. LITERATURE analyse 5 rrors were found to be minusly correlated over time, suggesting that failing to control for serially correlated transitory errors would lead to underestimation of state dependence. The non-labour income of married women, measured by their partners earnings, was also found to have a negative effect on their labour force participation. Permanent non-labour income was found to be more important in affecting a cleaning ladys labour force participation than transitory non-labour income.The age and number of teenage children were also found to have a significant negative effect on the labour force participation decisions of women. Inter-temporal persistence in womens labour supply was also examined by Lee and Tae (2005) using the first four waves (1998-2001) of the Korean Labour and Income Panel Study. Without considering serial correlation of transitory errors, the authors found that both state dependence and unobserved individual heterogeneity were important in explaining inter-temporal persistence in the labour force participation of women.They also found that the effect of state dependence of labour force participation varied with education, marital status and age. State dependence was found to increase with age, and was higher for married than for virtuoso women and higher for women with a junior college level of education relative to those with other levels of education. In the Australian context, very little research exists on the inter-temporal persistence of labour market activity. One study, Knights et al. 2002), examined labour market dynamics of Australian youth (those aged 15-29 years), using the Australian Longitudinal Survey over the period 1985-1988. Dynamic labour market activity of both males and f emales was analysed separately, with each group cosmos further divided into high and low education groups. High education was be as the completion of secondary school with the low education defined as secondary school not being completed. Only two labour force states were examined employed or not employed (binary variable).The authors found that an individuals physical exercise status in the previous year predicted his/her employment status in the currently year for all the four gender-education groups, suggesting evidence of state dependence of employment status. They also found evidence that unobserved individual heterogeneity was important explanatory factor in the persistence of employment status for all groups examined. Like Lee and Tae (2005), however, Knights et al. (2002) did not examine whether the observed persistence was due to serially correlated transitory errors.Some studies have also examined the effect of serially correlated transitory errors on inter-temporal pe rsistence. Tatsiramos (2008), for example, examined female employment dynamics in seven European countries (Demark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) to test the effects of fertility had on employment status. State dependence was found in the employment status for 6 WORK CHOICES OF MARRIED WOMEN DRIVERS OF CHANGE women in all countries after controlling for observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity and serially correlated transitory errors.The order of magnitude of state dependence as measured by average partial effects was very similar across all the countries studied, with the probability of a women being employed being 31 to 49 percentage points higher if employed in the previous year. Like Hyslop (1999), Tatsiramos (2008) also found that transitory errors are negatively correlated over time for all countries, and only in the case of Denmark, was the serial correlation insignificant. Permanent non-labour income was found to have a signi ficant and negative effect on labour supply for all countries except Denmark and the United Kingdom, where the effect was positive.In case of the Netherlands and Italy, a womans transitory non-labour income was also found to decrease labour supply. Summing up Much of the existing literature of the inter-temporal behaviour of labour supply has focused on whether or not a woman is involved in paid work a binary choice measured as labour force participation or employment status. In contrast, the approach taken in this study is to examine working hours as a measure of labour supply, and thus treat non-employment (those with zero working hours) as a censored outcome. Further, there are no Australian (and few international) studies that have examined both the effect of observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity and serially correlated transitory errors on inter-temporal labour supply. Despite this, studies of labour force participation by Australian women, comprehensively reviewed by Birch (2005), house a valuable guide to the choice of explanatory variables. Although the estimates vary across studies and are sensitive to model specifications and estimation techniques, some patterns emerge.The studies generally found that increases in a womans wages, educational attainment, labour market experience, and the cost of living, all have a positive effect on a womans labour supply. Conversely increases in family income and the number of dependent young children had a negative effect. 3 In this study the focus is on hours worked of individuals. The individual level measures are used to obtain corresponding aggregate indicators of labour supply such as the labour force participation rate, the employment rate and total hours worked of all employed persons, and average hours worked per employed person. LITERATURE REVIEW 7

Environmental Risk Perception Paper Psy 460 Essay

environmental Risk Perception PaperThe following paper give base on my chosen articles on our climate. I go out provide a summary of each article. I will also compare and contrast the risk detections that are presented in each article I will identify any environmental stressors that are related to the environmental risk. It will be concluded with a discussion of my own risk knowledge of the issue. By the end of the paper you will be familiar with different affects that the environment has on us and risks that we take e rattling daytime just breathing.Environmental Risk Factors Climate revision Climate change is it dangerous? This is a question many get down been asking for eld. As we know global change has become a major concern for our environment for the past few years and it seems that is getting worse. In America the study of climate change have become very high risk for at least some reasons. We may not know this but these reason being that the United States plays a big role in the worlds population stated by the (U.S. Census Bureau, 2005), it is said that we use the most intake of carbon dioxide, as we know this is considered to be the heat-trapping gas, alone accounting for nearly a certain amount of the globe . Humans breath a certain amount of hemorrhoid of carbon each year.(Marland et al., 2003). We have also reason to believe that in Washington D.C. the President and Congress have been fighting against each other with some(prenominal) of the world regarding the reality of all these of all the testing, seriousness, and as to how all of these climate change have come about within these years. During studies public risk has been very high, there is a fear that in the future global climate change on human health may cause serious illnesses tear down deaths for example skin cancer this climate change will indeed change the way people brisk which would mean our drinking water would lessen, this will cause serious disease possibility of losing h uman nature and this will cause to world to be affected drastically.Article Two Climate ChangeThe second article is about another issue that is causing our climate to change that can be of higher risk that would be the ozone layer. Our ozone layer seems to be dimensioning its been said that pollution gases. Scientist have found evidence that increased pollutants in the nisus this study shows this comes from cars factories and these are some examples. Some of the sicknesses that come about because of this and our ozone layer not being protected could be bronchial asthma as we know this is a syndrome which can cause shortness of breath and stick it difficult for one to breath, the air pollutants on health have been the focus of attention on this factor. During the years they have conducted many experimental studies these studies have shown that fifty-fifty the gas from diesel exhaust have been causing the upper respiratory disease and is able to control the immune system response by change magnitude bad side effects with animals and humans.There have been studies and during these studies that have been done they have found evidence that air pollutants can work with in the melodic line or on human airways, this is a very strong effect on the human body. In fact, if the airways start the inflammation some pollutants start to surpass the chest making it hard to breath which would lead to allergen-induced responses. But, air pollution and with the changes in the climate would cause a human to have an effect this would be an allergic response by influencing the percentage rate of the pollen production by allergenic plants. Even though this has been proven many individuals in 2009 still didnt believe that climate change was the cause of all these illnesses and still did not believe all the facts such as global warming, when carbon dioxide is released in the air which is the combustion of fossil fuels.Environmental StressorsThe environmental stressor of climate change have two primary components of this would include (1) temperature elevation with concomitant weather instability and extremes and (2) go sea-level. These changes may result in the increase of heat waves starting and damaging air pollution, soil moisture would become less, higher weather events for example tornados and hurricans, and coastal inundation (IPCC 1992). More people will have health effects this can include heat related strokes (2) infectious diseases, this means being vanquish by an insect (3) people will become ill because if food shortage and (4) because of weather disasters there will be no where for people to live so people will live in streets and public places and this will cause sicknesses to rise because of unhealthy conditions. It seems that the ozone layer is depleting and this is causing many health issues to humans. The get health impacts from ozone depletion, which leads to increased UV radiation, include cancer, asthma many health hazards.Conclusio nIn conclusion I must say my own perception on environmental risk perception to climate change is very dangerous. It makes me think that some day we will not be able to laissez passer out of the house because the sun would have no protection since everything in the air is not healthy it just keeps eating at it. During my own studies and years of watching the news I have even heard that hairspray is killing our ozone layer. Living in New York City I believe that our pollution plays a big part in the air quality especially with warm weather the pollution is so bad you cannot even breath when its 90 degrees outside. What I have learned during this study is that nothing will keep us safe I know people recycle and everyone is trying to go honey oil but will this save the earth for real I dont think so we will be walking with masks one day just breath clean fresh air.ReferencesAnthony A. Leiserowitz Risk Analysis, Vol. 25, No. 6, 2005Risk Analysis An International Journal December 1, 20 05Risk Analysis An Official topic Of The Society For Risk Analysis Date October 1, 2010Travis William Reynolds, Ann Bostrom, Daniel Read, and M. Granger Morgan3 Risk Analysis, Vol. 30, No. 10, 2010U.S. Census Bureau, 2005CitationsEmerging Health Threats Journal 2011. 2011 Rodney R. Dietert

Constitution Cafe Essay

The Constitution coffee bar written by Christopher Phillips is mainly to the highest degree the viewpoints of students around the country and what could be different about(predicate) the Constitution. While the majority of the students from the meetings feel like in that location should be a a couple of(prenominal) things added to the articles of the Constitution, because things are different today than when it was first written in 1787. The support informs the readers on the basics of our rights and understanding much about the Constitution itself.There are many issues discussed such(prenominal) as immigration, justice for completely, rights, coin matters but Ill only be going everywhere a few of these issues. One argument Phillips discusses is the number of refugees who immigrate to the United States. There are a few students in the meeting that admit to be refugees, and are trying to support their families who are back in Mexico.They argue how its not right for Mexico e lectric chair and leaders who are able to fly over into other countries in their private jets, but immigrants like Ricardo would end up getting killed for trying to assure work in the U.S. We never had rights in Mexico, though our homelands constitution formulates we all come tinge rights, says Oscar (p. 112). Although they dont pick up any rights in the U. S. , they still find a vogue to work tryinger than most citizens and will do anything to provide the best life for their families. I strongly go over with the Constitution Cafe Article the students wrote in which they want the Constitution to change, because most refugees who come to the U. S. want to consider rights and live life without worrying about getting deported back to Mexico.Many Ameri atomic number 50s say immigrants shouldnt be allowed if they werent born in the U. S. and call them names such as wetbacks but some(a) contact that as a compliment since their backs are wet, because they work the hardest. Anoth er argument the author addresses is with a few junior high school students who agree that every U. S. citizen when they turn the age eighteen should receive an equal lump sum defrayal of at least $50,000. 00. The students say you should only be able to happen the silver if youre doing broad(a) and spending it on well needed things.Sure, a few wad will take advantage of their big payday and do nothing good with their lives if they dont assume to. But Im betting most will make the most of this opportunity (p87). We all know once you turn eighteen then you could be on your own and spend the m iodiny on unnecessary things. This is why I dont agree with the students, and some points I can relate to like for instance some parents arent able to provide very much so the money could help the family. I also see it as the population would sky rocket because everyone would have kids for the money once they turn eighteen.Life isnt that belatedly just to have a huge payment waiting for yo u. Its not fair to the ones who are over the age of eighteen and had to work hard for all that they have and didnt just have $50,000 handed to them. A question I have for the students would be, where the money would be coming from? This is a very good argument, because any parent wants a good future for their child and especially if the money goes to college tuitions.Finally, the last argument that caught my attention is scouts take note that the prexy should have to live by before becoming president of the U.S. They argue about how easy it is to be president when all they ask for is you have to be thirty five years experient and have resided in the U. S. at least fourteen years. A group of boy scouts say the president didnt have to be a boy scout when he was younger but should check to be trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent. Our next president could have been in a gang or committed some type of crime a nd they would still win the president election.The citizens want someone who will be aim model to all ages and prove by his/her actions, not just words. This article may be about the ideal qualities we want in a president, but most of all, if you read between the lines, its actually about the ideal qualities we want in ourselves (p105). Arturo statement is true because we all want to be consummate but we all mistakes and so will the president, but at least in that locations one person who will have all the qualities that we need to run the U. S.This one argument I strongly agree with from the beginning all the way to the end with the written Constitution Cafe Article.A president should give their full duty to our country and of course believe in God. Christopher Phillips message would have to be getting his readers to understand what our Constitution is all about and there could be changes to it every day in life by anyone but it has to get approved of course. Thomas Jefferson b elieved that Americans should rewrite the Constitution every 20 years to meet our current needs in the generation we live in today.This is why Phillips has traveled the country asking Americans if and how they would rewrite our Constitution if given the chance. His main goal is to make the U. S. a meliorate place and keep us all updated with the Constitution itself and hope from reading the book that we all wise(p) something new about all the different arguments. From reading Constitution Cafe, Ive learned so much more about the Constitution and the changes that have been made over years.I can definitely say now I know a lot about Thomas Jefferson than I did before, and all that he has done for the U.S. From the many arguments in the book, I talked about a few and summarized what it was about. We should understand the basics of our rights, and if theres something we want to make a change to in the Constitution we need to get in concert and write an article. All of the U. S. citi zens will have different opinions on immigrants, rights, president qualities, money matters, and many more topics that relate to the Constitution. I cant wait to read the part two of Constitution Cafe in the next twenty years, and to see what will change for the future generations.

Essay on Possible Development on Contemporary Arts Organization

Organizations all over the being atomic number 18 not without fusss and difficulties as they face change on a daily basis while trying to maintain their traditions and ideals intact. This is most true up with governments that heighten on the traditional market/ function while having to unite those services with recent innovations. When we say innovations these does not sole(prenominal) pertain to reliable technological tangible equipments that it offer also misbegotten new processes, means and eve off situations that can only be created by straight offs advancing times.Because of this, it is imperative for organizations to lead some plan or dodging that would help them checkout afloat without sacrificing what they regard as their exercise. An example would be how the traditional art scene shake off cursorily decreased in activity because of the more cool contemporary liberal arts or worse, because on that point be other places volume can go to like malls and b ars instead of being patrons of artistic ventures or exhibits.Going back, these so called problems that organizations face would be the dangerous growth in diversified clients, members and patrons that tends to create a cultural gap between the members and even the leaders who are handling the organizations. This is most true in many another(prenominal) forms and types of organizations but for specificities sake, this discussion will focus on the contemporary art organizations that cater to very different tastes, attitudes and philosophies.Art, after all, can be regarded as a means of freedom of expression and this is most curiously true in todays art scene wherein freedom of expression is not only an option, it is a necessity. Because of the varied and eclectic people that compose the different art organizations around the gentlemans gentleman, problems arise on the context that too much potpourri can cause confusion among the members which is evidently caused by the enormo us cultural gap not just between one or ii persons but even among everyone who are part of said organization.This diversity and wide cultural gap is of course caused by how tremendous globalization has been that in one art scene or organization, people from different parts of the state, area and even the world would collate to form that single group. Thus, it is essential that organizations keep in mind certain things if they want to survive such(prenominal) a fast-paced world and if they want to even expand in population and improve in price of their products, projects and provisions.Of the many discussions and articles that other people have written on different weighty aspects of organizations, there are some which are enlightening and which are sensible and in so far people, in general leaders and management teams, forget or altogether ignore such aspects. These aspects are mostly centred on the following lack of purpose of the organization, failure to properly pinpoint th e cause of the problem and finally, film for effective strategies that would solve the problem.Lack of Purpose of the Organization In the article of Wheatley (2008), she describes why terrorists groups are one of the finest examples of organizations in the world as they have a single unifying purpose in their agenda. This metaphor for the outgo organization is rather unusual and even uncomfortable as terrorists groups create horror around the world with their vendettas but Wheatley (2008) does have a point when she says that they are among the most effective and powerful organizations in the world today.What she gratuitys is an analysis on why terrorist networks have no means to formal power, advanced technology, macro budgets, or great numbers of followers and yet, they manage to cause such a strong impact that they are changing the course of history (Wheatley, 2008). This is where one of the most fundamental aspects of any organization should have is awarded and it lies in t he presence of an ideal or purpose that gives them a group identity which compels them to act (Wheatley, 2008).What Wheatley insists on is true, most especially if it is applied in contemporary arts organizations wherein much passion and ideals are present but sometimes misplaced or even divided. The problem with arts organizations all over is that they have too diversified output for their passions that there is no everydayness or unity among what they want, what they want through and what they would like to do in the future.Because terrorist groups have such commonality in their purpose, whatever action or project they undertake, it is almost always successful that the world is compelled to watch or prod on their projects. In the arts scene, passion for the art itself can be their common cause and identifying what do they want to hand with their organization can make their group more efficient and active as what Wheatley (2008) wrote, As networks mature, they are fuelled more b y passion than by information. Failure to Properly Pinpoint the REAL Cause of the worry The advice that Wheatley gave on how to have such a successful organization is to have a unified purpose from such diversified members of the group. This is tremendously connected to another possible means in which to have an efficient and effective organization and that is to acknowledge that a problem exists in the group and that the problem is most in all probability the persistence of misunderstanding caused by cultural gap.According to Hofstede (2005), problems in art organizations usually arise from the fact that there is too much diversity among farmings and that management groups of the organization are remiss in admitting that that is indeed the problem Many leaders do not wish to acknowledge the possibility of a cross-cultural talk problem in international dealings. If negotiations go wrong they blame others orthemselves, never the culture gap. (Hofstede, 2005) The effigy than Hof stede painted is common but not unsolvable.What leaders of such organizations should do is admit that that is the problem and that they should speculate up of strategies that would effectively solve those problemsbut that will be discussed later on the essay. With all these difficulties that diversity of culture presents, would it not be better to just have a common art organizations among people who have the same culture? This is not entirely the case for culture does not just mean belonging to the same ethnic background of certain group of people, the culture here encompasses a commonality among a certain group of people.Thus, the people who are into the arts have their own culture but then again, there is also a different culture that separates the visual from the performance arts and even that of the traditional from the contemporary forms of art. This means that there is a diversity of culture within a culture within a culture. This scene is inevitable as how Halbreich (2001) puts it, Weve just crossed into a new degree centigrade in which the rate and dimension of change promises to test all our powers of invention.This new century is the modern times these powers of invention are the possible ventures that we may undertake to support such cultural diversity. However, it is important to note that cultural diversity is not bad it is the cultural gap that it creates which is the unpleasant and unfortunate factor. Thus, how do we solve this cultural gap among members of organizations? This is discussed in how management groups should have effective strategies that address the problem and this strategy usually starts in something very simple admit that there is a problem. The Need for Effective Strategies That Would crop the ProblemWhen Hofstede (2005) claimed that leaders do not acknowledge the presence of cultural gap, Halbriech (2001) provided the answer to how to solve this We must aline to become a pick up, through which some of these competing wor ldviews can be debated and new communities established. Organizations becoming a filter mean that it is through them that people would be able to identify where they would want to go and belong to (in terms of patronizing an arts organization) and then zeroing on those identified aspects that leaders would be able to establish a permanent community or organization for them.Thus, what leaders should do is recognize the needs (and sometimes, even wants) of the members, move on around those needs and cater to them. For example, Ritzer et al. (2008), isolates a particular problem with the diverse culture in arts organizations wherein the problem is that local colour or culture fails to be debateed in the organization. This just means that they focus too much on a global standard without view that the organization should also reflect the character of the geographic locales (Ritzer et al. , 2008).If what Ritzer et al. say is true, then it means that the needs and wants of the immediat e members of the organizations are ignored which creates a gap or misunderstanding among the group. A great example in trying to come up with strategies in solving gaps in arts organizations can be seen in the congresswoman of Halbreich (2001) We aim to amplify the ways in which visitorscan become more active participants in a series of memorable experiences based on discovering links between art and life, as well as among artistic disciplines. This illustration demonstrates how the art organization presented by Halbreich is very ideal in the sense that they manage to have a standard or purpose in mind (which is for the visitors to become participants in viewing the art) while thinking about the condition of the other end as well (by considering the real life situation of the audience) and linking the two together. ConclusionIn conclusion, difficulties in arts organizations are inevitable since the members and patrons are varied and diverse in culture and attitude. Difficulties of such organizations are usually caused by cultural gaps in the group but they can be figure out and remedied by admitting that there is a problem caused by the gap, and proving necessary strategies that addresses the discern while maintain true to the ideals of the group.However, one cannot help but think that Wheatley is most correct in her suggestion of addressing the overall issue in arts organizationsdevelopment and growth of the group, maintain diversity in the organization, and staying on track with the ideals of the organizationwhich is having a firm passion in the purpose of the organization since everything else would naturally follow suit.ReferencesCummings, S. (2008). Strategy past, present and future. The Sage enchiridion of New Approaches in Management and Organization. SAGE Singapore. pp. 184-216Halbreich, K. (2001). Inventing new models for the museum and its audiences. Curating Now Imaginative do/Public Responsibility. Philadelphia Exhibitions Initiative Philadelp hia. pp. 67-79.Hofstede, G.J. (2005). A bridge requires a gap. Introduction to Business Communication. Peter Lang Publishing root Frankfurt. pp. 163-170.Lustig, M.W. et al. (2005). Introduction to cultural patterns and intercultural communication. Introduction to Business Communication. Peter Lang Publishing Group Frankfurt. pp. 171-182.Ritzer, G. et al. (2008). Empty organizations. The Sage Handbook of New Approaches in Management and Organization. SAGE Singapore. pp. 215-216.Wheatley, M. (2008). Learning about networks from terrorists. The Sage Handbook of New Approaches in Management and Organization. SAGE Singapore. pp. 178-179.

Marketing plan for McBride

McBride is a financial service provider that will handle mortgage application operatees for its clients. Its come out merchandise argon mortgage applicants from a five-state area including Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Its short-term objectives are to break even within the first six months of operations and to become profit equal to(p) within the first year. It has an visible(prenominal) online interface upon entrance which will allow clients to place orders, submit necessary documents, and concord payments over the internet. The overall merchandising schema is to use the most appropriate media given strict financial constraints to gain maximum exposure for McBride to dominance clients.Target Market AnalysisPrimarily, there are several groups identified as potential customers in the market where the harvest-feast will be made available. These groups include professionals and retirees purchasing either a primary or subsidiary residence, and famili es and/or individuals purchasing recreational properties. The SIVA can be used to create a criteria of what types of marketing vehicles should be used for this McBrides target market (Guiltinan, 1996). In any of the groups mentioned above, what stands out as a common characteristic is clients the lack of available time to go through the mortgage application process on their own.Many clients are also confused with the many procedures that they puzzle to go through and so would sooner opt not to be troubled by such procedures and just pay someone else to do it for them. This underscores the most outstanding expectation that clients will be looking for in the service public lavatory. Therefore, the marketing outline must directly and strongly convey that this expectation will be met and exceeded. Next, the habits of potential clients when it comes to collecting study should be considered. The potential clients for the service are diverse and they can be found everywhere from study city areas, to to a greater extent remote places of work such as universities, factories, and farms.Conventional mass media such as television, radio, and newspapers receive the ability to cover such vast areas. Although diverse, one common denominator of a big chunk of the target market is that they are professionals, and many such individuals travel a lot from state to state on business matters. Hence, places such as airports, convention centers, and other areas where there is a sizeable level of profession are good venues to launch focused ad campaigns. Lastly, clients who are seriously considering taking up a mortgage would usually canvass through local realtors for available property.This makes such realtors exceptionally important contacts to make linkages with. In making decisions as to what marketing strategies to use, what must factor in are the financial requirements of the friendship as well as the expected spending power of potential clients. An inference that can be drawn from the potential market is that they would not be extremely affluent because if they were, they would be better pip buying property on cash basis. Therefore a minimal budget should be considered in selecting strategies to make the company goal of breaking even more achievable.Lastly, the target markets admission to the service should be considered in order to limit strategies only to potential clients who have access to the carrefour. However, since the carrefour is available online aside from having strategically situated offices in target states, there is little to no nurse to trying to find limiting agents based on market access as there in all likelihood are none. market Vehicles and Advertisement ContentBased on the target market analysis, four vehicles are selected to drive the marketing schema for McBride. These are local television, radio, and newspapers, information handouts in airports and tourist attractions, and linkages with local realtors. Local T.V., r adio, and newspapers were selected as opposed to more popular national channels since they are more cost effective given the target which is geographically limited (Kaiman, 2004). In such media, all of the target groups would be represented and the focus on convenience will be greatly stressed as the advertisements theme (Kaiman, 2004).For airports and tourist destinations where there will be available handouts to capture potential markets composed of businessmen and traveling retirees, the content of the handouts would be specialized depending on the expected market. For businessmen, the content would be focused to how much more they can achieve when they do not have to busy themselves with the details of mortgage applications. For retirees, the focus would be the relief brought by hassle-free applications in get the retirement house theyve always wanted.The most challenging in terms of acquisition would be the realtor linkages since McBride would have to compete with other compan ies who are also courting such institutions. However, these linkages are also very solid because realtor clients represent the filtered market that the business is targeting and this filtered market are those that are most likely to avail of the product (Reimonds & Yenks, 2000). Hence, measures to obtain support from such institution should be sought with ample effort and spending.ConclusionThe marketing strategies available to McBride can effectively gather the exposure it needs in order to obtain sufficient market share. The minimal budget allotted for marketing is sufficient to sustain the devised strategies. It is expected that McBride will be able to reach its short term goals with the use of suggested marketing strategies.ReferencesGuiltinan, J. (1996). Marketing Management Strategies and Programs. McGraw Hill/IrwinReimonds, A. & Yenks, L. (2000). Modern Marketing for Contemporary Businesses. N.Y. DoubledayKaiman, H. (2004). Current Issues in Marketing Management. London Gray & Tiller.

How Does Williams Present the Themes of Illusion and Fantasy in a Streetcar Named Desire?

How does Williams present the themes of illusion and conceive of in A Streetcar Named Desire? The theme of reality vs. trance is one that the play centres around. Blanche dwells in illusion fantasy is her primary means of self-defence, both against outside threats and against her own demons. Throughout the play, Blanches dependence on illusion is contrasted with Stanleys steadfast realism, and in the end it is Stanley and his world fool that win. To survive, Stella must also resort to a good-hearted of illusion, forcing herself to call back that Blanches accusations against Stanley are false so that she can continue living with her husband.One of the main ways Williams dramatises fantasys inability to overcome reality is through an exploration of the boundary between exterior and interior. The plume includes the two-room Kowalski flatbed and the surrounding street. Williams use of a flexible set that allows the street to be seen at the akin time as the interior of the home e xpresses the idea that the home is not a place of safety. The characters pass on and enter the apartment throughout the play, often bringing with them the problems they encounter outside.For example, Blanche refuses to leave her prejudices against the working class cigaret her at the door. The most notable instance of this effect occurs just before Stanley rapes Blanche, when the back wall of the apartment becomes transparent to show the struggles occurring on the street, foreshadowing the violation that is about to take place in the Kowalskis home. Blanche is the most fascinating character in A Streetcar Named Desire. One reason for this is that she has an absolutely lifelike way of making reality seem like fantasy, and making fantasy seem like reality.This factor of Blanches personality is what catch up withs her character interest the audience and contribute to the excellence of the work. Returning to the beginning of the play, Blanche, shocked with the smuttinessand gloomin ess of Stella and Stanleys home in New Orleans, looks out thewindow and says Out there I forecast is the ghoul-haunted woodland of Weir , to which Stella replies No honey, those are the L and N tracks. Blanche would assume that something so common and simple as noisy, dark railroad tracks might as well be ghoul-haunted woodlands. Further evidence of Blanches warped view of reality and fantasy is shown throughout the entire play. She seems to hint to Stella and Stanley, and therefore the audience, that she is actually much more than she seems. In sceneseven, Blanche soaks in a tub, singing Say, its only a paper moon, sailing over a cardboard sea -But it wouldnt be make-believe If you believed in me Its a Barnum and Bailey world, Just as phony as it can be -But it wouldnt be make-believe If you believed in me As she sings this song, telling the story of her tendency to believe a more pleasant, warped view of reality over the actual reality, Stanley is telling Stella the horrifying the true about Blanches scandalous past. These lyrics sum up Blanches approach to life. She believes that her lying is only her means of enjoying a better way of life and is therefore essentially harmless. In scene nine, Blanche is confronted by Mitch, who has learned the righteousness about her past. Mitch tells Blanche that he has never seen her in the start.He tears Blanches paper lantern off of the plain, bright light bulb, and tries to see her as she really is, and not in a view warped by Blanches efforts to make herself seem more innocent, young, andbeautifulthan she is. Blanche responds to this by saying I dont want realism. I want deceit I try to give that to people. I misinterpret things to them. I dont tell truth, I tell what ought to be truth Dont turn the light on This intense, frightening scene reveals to the audience the way Blanche views the world.Tennessee Williams use of this kind of dual view of the world to develop Blanches character is a perfect example of th e way A Streetcar Named Desire makes the audience react to the characters in the play. The use of light and dark links to the cay theme of fantasy and reality. The light is the truth, and this is what Blanche always tries to cover up. Stanley wants the truth so rips away any bulwark Blanche hides behind, for example the paper lantern over the naked bulb. The Streetcar light that always shines through the window, is trying to show the truth so Blanche ides away whenever it drives by, A locomotive is heard approaching outside. She claps her hands to her ears and crouches over. In conclusion, the proof learner of A Streetcar Named Desire is not only entertained by an interesting story when they read the play. They are also thrust into a reality which is not their own, yet somehow seems familiar. This realistic fantasy Williams creates with his brilliant use of symbolism, intriguing characters, and involving action in the play causes the reader to connect fully with the setting, ch aracters, conflicts, and emotions at bottom it.